Hurricanes are one of the most impactful and devastating natural phenomena, capable of causing great damage in coastal and inland areas. Their intensity is measured through the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, a tool that allows these tropical cyclones to be classified into five levels according to the wind speed and its effects on infrastructure and population.
Understanding how this scale works is key to assessing the risks and take appropriate measures in the event of a hurricane. Throughout this article, we will explore each category in detail, its characteristics and consequences, as well as analyze the evolution of this scale over time.
What is the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale?
The Saffir-Simpson scale was developed in 1969 by structural engineer Herbert Saffir and meteorologist Robert Simpson. Their initial goal was to classify hurricanes according to the wind speed and the expected damage to structures and buildings.
Since its public introduction in 1973 and its widespread adoption in 1974, the scale has become the global standard for measuring hurricane intensity in the Atlantic and eastern Pacific. To better understand how weather conditions vary within each category, you can also consult types of hurricanes and its classification.
Evolution of the scale
Originally, the scale included information on the storm surge and atmospheric pressure. However, in 2009, National Hurricane Center (NHC) made the decision to eliminate these factors and make it exclusively a scale based on the wind speedThis was done due to inconsistencies in the correlation between central pressure, storm surge and wind strength.
A later adjustment occurred in 2012, when the range of wind speeds for the Category 4 It has been slightly expanded, addressing classification and rounding issues in different measurement systems. To learn more about how these phenomena are measured, you may be interested in the new hurricane scale classification.
The five categories of hurricanes
The scale classifies hurricanes into five levels, with the highest being Category 1 the least destructive and the Category 5 the most extreme. Below we explain each one in detail:
Category 1: Winds between 119 and 153 km/h
In this category, hurricanes have moderately intense winds, but still strong enough to cause damage. Main effects include:
- Minor damage to structures, with damage to roofs and cladding.
- Fallen trees and power poles, causing power outages.
- Waves between 1.2 and 1.5 metres in coastal areas, with risk of minor flooding.
Category 2: Winds between 154 and 177 km/h
Hurricanes in this category can cause more significant damage in the affected regions. Common consequences include:
- Partial destruction of roofs, windows and doors.
- Severe damage to mobile homes and less stable structures.
- Risk of flooding in ports and low-lying coastal areas.
- Swells of up to 2.4 metres, affecting navigation and the coastline.
Category 3: Winds between 178 and 209 km/h
This is the first category considered a hurricane. Most, with a high destructive potential. Its effects include:
- Widespread structural damage to homes and small buildings.
- Trees and power poles were knocked down, causing prolonged power outages.
- Waves between 2.7 and 3.7 metres, with inland flooding.
- Evacuation recommended in low-lying coastal areas.
Category 4: Winds between 210 and 250 km/h
A hurricane of this magnitude is extremely dangerous and can devastate large areas. Its main impacts include:
- Severe damage to buildings, with collapse of roofs in small structures.
- Massive destruction of vegetation and power lines.
- Waves up to 5.5 meters high, severely affecting coastal areas.
- Mandatory evacuations in high-risk areas.
Category 5: Winds exceeding 251 km/h
It is the maximum level on the scale and represents the most extreme force that a hurricane can reach. Its devastating effects include:
- Total destruction of several buildings, especially the weaker ones.
- Trees uprooted and crucial infrastructure collapsed.
- Waves over 6 metres high, with catastrophic storm surges and flooding.
- Mass exodus of population to avoid human losses.
Limitations of scale
Although the Saffir-Simpson scale is excellent for measuring wind force, does not consider other key factors such as:
- The amount of precipitation, which can cause severe flooding.
- La storm surge, which often causes more deaths than the winds.
- El size and duration of the hurricane, which influence the magnitude of the damage.
For this reason, meteorologists complement this scale with other models of prediction and advanced tools to report more accurately on the risks. You can also check Why there are no hurricanes in Spain to better understand these phenomena.
The Saffir-Simpson scale remains the most widely used reference for measuring hurricane intensity, helping governments and citizens prepare for these fearsome phenomena. Although it only assesses wind speed, its usefulness lies in the simplicity with which it allows for categorizing and alerting the population. It is crucial to complement this system with additional information on storm surge, rainfall and geographic factors for a more complete risk assessment.
