On Spanish forests They are going through a period of profound transformation marked by environmental and social challenges, but also by new opportunities. The debate on their management and the ecological and social value they provide It is more present than ever, especially when climate change and desertification advance at different speeds depending on the region.
In recent years, there has been a wide expansion of forest mass In places like the Valencian Community, where forests have grown in area and density by over 45% in the last two decades. This increase is largely attributed to progressive abandonment of agricultural land which are now being naturally colonized by local species, led by the Aleppo pine. However, this phenomenon coexists with the desertification and the loss of soil moisture, especially in areas more exposed to the North African climate regime and global warming, such as southern and southeastern Spain.
From active management to forest risk control
Although the forest area has increased, experts such as forestry engineers and heads of public agencies warn about the risks associated with this uncontrolled growth. lack of adequate management promotes the accumulation of dead wood and excessive tree density, turning the mountains into "warehouses" for highly flammable material. This increases the likelihood of serious fires, intensifying the fragility of ecosystems and compromising biodiversity.
The complexity is aggravated by the proliferation of pests such as the processionary caterpillar, a lepidopteran that particularly affects pine forests. This insect's life cycle can dry out large areas of pine, reducing the vitality of forests and affecting both natural and urban spaces. However, in the last year, reductions in their spread in areas like Burgos, where the increased rainfall has hindered the formation of pockets and caused high mortality among caterpillars. Control biological, through natural predators such as certain birds and bats, and the contribution of nest boxes, is presented as a sustainable and effective method.
Technology, innovation and biodiversity conservation
La space technology is becoming a key ally in forest monitoring and study. The satellite Biomass of the European Space Agency has begun sending images capable of measuring the woody biomass and stored carbon in forests around the world, including those in Spain. The integration of this data will facilitate the development of management and conservation policies based on accurate information.
In different regions such as Almería, plans are being promoted selective reforestation, identifying tens of thousands of suitable hectares and prioritizing those that have been without tree cover for more than 40 years. Public-private initiatives promote the restoration of degraded lands, carbon dioxide capture and the creation of rural employment, adding environmental and socioeconomic benefits, as well as the conservation of biodiversity.
Forest bathing: health and rural economy
The importance of forests goes far beyond timber production or their role as carbon sinks. In recent years, there has been a strong resurgence of interest in forest baths ('Shinrin Yoku'), a well-established practice in countries such as Japan, which involves sensory immersion in forest environments to improve physical and mental well-being. In Spain, specialized associations, public entities, and private companies are developing forest bathing routes and programs for the local population and tourists, defending its positive effects on the environment. stress, anxiety and public health.
La training of professional guides and the integration of these practices into health and rural tourism policies reinforce the role of forests as a key resource for combat depopulation, boost local economies and foster a more conscious relationship with nature.
The current situation of Spain's forests reflects the interaction between nature and human activity, with challenges such as desertification and pest control, but also with new opportunities thanks to technology and active and social management initiatives. Conservation and sustainable management will determine the sustainability of these ecosystems in the future.
