In recent weeks, the study of the Rocks present on Mars have once again caught the attention from the scientific world and space exploration enthusiasts. Thanks to the technological advances of NASA's robotic vehicles, especially the Perseverance rover, new questions are being raised about the formation, composition, and origin of different types of rocks on the red planet. These findings, far from offering definitive answers, open the door to new theories about geological processes and Martian history.
The Perseverance mission, operational on the Martian surface since 2021, has as its main objective investigate the past of Mars through the analysis of its rocks and soilsThe results obtained show that, despite more than sixty years of research on the planet, the detailed study of rocks remains essential to clarifying the presence of water and the possibility of life in ancient times.
Detection of a unique rock formation in Jezero Crater
One of the most recent and striking discoveries has been the detection of a rock formation with thousands of tiny spheres attached to its surface, located on the slope of Witch Hazel Hill, inside the Jezero crater. Named as St. Paul's Bay by the Perseverance rover team, this rock It stands out for its texture full of small balls of just a few millimeters, some of them oval or even fragmented, and even have tiny holes.
This unusual appearance has surprised mission scientists, as no identical formations exist on Earth or in previous Martian explorations. According to NASA experts, St. Pauls Bay could be a float rock, a term used to describe rocks that have been transported from their point of origin. This characteristic complicates the analysis of their geological context, as there is a possibility that they originate from a very different area than their current location.
Formations and theories about their origin: water, volcanoes and meteorites
The research team is considering various scenarios about how these spheres were formedOne of the most widespread theories suggests that they could be mineral concretions, the result of groundwater seeping through porous materials, promoting the localized accumulation of minerals. This phenomenon was first identified by the Opportunity rover two decades ago with the popular "Martian blueberries."
However, other processes are not ruled out: rapid cooling of lava after a volcanic eruption could have generated these forms, or even the condensation of vaporized rock after a meteorite impactEach process involves different environmental conditions and provides insights into the historical evolution of Mars.
The contrast between the St. Pauls Bay rock and the surrounding terrain, visibly lighter and dustier, supports the idea that The formation has traveled from other higher geological layers, such as the dark bands of Witch Hazel HillAnalysis of these materials, only possible thanks to Perseverance's technology, could reveal episodes of volcanic activity or water flows in the planet's past.
How these Martian rocks are analyzed
To analyze these materials, Martian rovers are equipped with high-precision instruments. Perseverance uses devices such as the Rock Abrasion Tool, capable of cleaning and drilling into the rock surface, allowing examination of internal layers less eroded by the external environment. After abrasion, chambers such as the Mastcam-Z and the WATSON sensor obtain high-resolution images, and the SuperCam emits laser pulses to analyze chemical composition from reflected light.
A recent example of this process is the case of rock Kenmore, the object of study by the rover in June 2025. During drilling, the rock exhibited unusual behavior, vibrating and fragmenting more than expected. The analysis revealed the presence of clay minerals, rich in iron and magnesium, with water molecules integrated into its structure, providing valuable information about hydration processes in the Martian past.
These systematic methods allow data to be collected on different rock types throughout Jezero Crater, expanding knowledge about the geological diversity of Mars and its evolution over millions of years.
The identification of such particular rocks and the techniques used to study them revalue the importance of robotic missions on the Red Planet. Each discovery provides clues that enhance our understanding of the planet's geological and climatic cycles, as well as its potential to have supported life at some point in its history.
Furthermore, these advances make it possible to prepare for future missions, both for collecting samples for analysis on Earth and for possible human exploration. The accumulated knowledge about the behavior and composition of Martian rocks will be key to developing safe and efficient technologies and strategies for the next stages of planetary exploration.
With each new analysis performed by the rovers, Mars reveals a little more of the secrets hidden beneath its arid surfaceThe newly discovered formations, such as St. Pauls Bay and Kenmore, pose a fascinating challenge to science and keep alive curiosity about the past, present, and future of our planetary neighbor.