The asteroid Apophis has been the subject of great interest and concern since its discovery in 2004. Initially considered a potential danger to Earth, its trajectory has been exhaustively monitored by astronomers around the world. Its approach in 2029 will be a unique astronomical event, generating both expectation and scientific studies to better understand these celestial bodies.
Although calculations have ruled out, at least for now, an impact with our planet, the incredible proximity at which it will pass gives us an unparalleled opportunity to study it. Below, we will explore in detail its characteristics, its trajectory, the risks that were once considered and the space missions that are scheduled to analyze it.
Characteristics of the asteroid Apophis
Apophis, whose official name is 99942 Apophis, is an asteroid belonging to the Aton group, which are those whose orbit is mostly within the Earth's orbit. It is estimated to measure around 335 meters in diameter, making it a considerably large object among near-Earth asteroids.
Its composition is mainly made up of silicates, nickel and iron, which classifies it within the group of asteroids of type rockyIt was originally thought to be elongated, peanut-like in shape, and its surface is thought to be composed of loose rocks due to its low gravitational force.
As for its orbit, Apophis takes approximately 0,9 Earth years to complete one revolution around the SunHowever, its trajectory will be altered after its close pass by Earth in 2029, increasing its orbital period to 1,2 years.
The trajectory and its approach to Earth in 2029
The biggest astronomical event related to Apophis will occur the 13 of April of 2029, when it will make its closest approach to Earth. At that time, it will pass just 32.000 kilometers from the Earth's surface, a distance shorter than that of many geostationary satellites.
This close pass will allow the asteroid to be observed with the naked eye from various regions of the planet, especially in Europe, Africa and Asia. Its brightness will be comparable to that of a 3,3 magnitude star and it will move across the night sky at a speed of 45.080 km/h. This event will be crucial for the study of the asteroid, as was the planetary security alert in relation to other asteroids that could represent a danger to Earth.
Earth's gravity will significantly affect its orbit, altering its future trajectory. Although current calculations rule out an impact with Earth in the coming decades, astronomers are continuing to study how Earth's gravity could alter its course and whether this could pose any risk in the future.
Is there a risk of impact in 2036 or 2068?
Initially, calculations showed a probability of impact of 2,7% in 2029, which raised concerns in the scientific community. However, more precise observations have completely ruled out this risk by this date.
As for 2036 and 2068, the chances of impact have been drastically reduced. In its latest assessment in 2021, NASA confirmed that Apophis does not pose a real threat to Earth in the next 100 years. This is a relief for the scientific community and citizens who care about the safety of the planet.
Space missions for the study of the asteroid
Apophis' unusual approach to Earth has prompted several space agencies to schedule missions to study it in detail. Among them, the following stand out:
- OSIRIS-APEX:This NASA spacecraft, formerly known as OSIRIS-REx, was rerouted after its mission to Bennu to approach Apophis. It is expected to orbit it for 18 months after its closest approach in 2029, providing valuable information on its structure and composition.
- RAMSES:The European Space Agency is considering launching the RAMSES mission in 2027, which would reach Apophis before its approach to Earth to analyze how its surface behaves under the Earth's gravitational influence.
The importance of studying Apophis
The study of Apophis will allow astronomers to better understand the physics of near-Earth asteroids, how they respond to planetary gravity and what effects such an impact could have on our planet. This type of research is key in a context where we are constantly evaluating the safety of the Earth from possible asteroid threats.
This type of research is vital for the development of strategies for planetary defense, since if an asteroid on a collision course were to be identified in the future, having precise data on how these celestial bodies work could help divert their trajectory.
April 13, 2029 will be a key date for astronomy and a spectacle that millions of people will be able to observe with the naked eye. From that moment on, Apophis will continue to be the subject of study and will allow humanity to learn a little more about the mysteries of the solar system.