Cenozoic Era: Everything You Need To Know

Today we're going to take a trip back in time. But not to the past of a couple of years ago or a few centuries ago. We're going to travel 66 million years back to the present. The Cenozoic Era was the third of the major epochs in Earth's history. It was the most well-known period during which the continents acquired their current configurations. We recall that the theory of continental drift and plate tectonics explain that the continents move.

Do you want to know all the characteristics and events, both geological and biological, that have taken place in the Cenozoic? In this post we will tell you all about it 

What is the Cenozoic?

The geology, flora and fauna of the world is not stable over time. Over the years they evolve due to the crossing of species and changes in environmental conditions. The rocks, on the other hand, move along with the continents, creating and destroying with the tectonic plates.

The term Cenozoic comes from the word Kainozoic. It was used by the English geologist John Phillips to name the main subdivisions of the Phanerozoic Eon.

The Cenozoic era has been one of the most important, since it represents the moment when the dinosaurs disappeared. This marked the beginning of the mammalian revolution. In addition, the continents acquired the configuration that is maintained today and the flora and fauna evolved. The new environmental conditions that our planet presented, forced to change the entire panorama known so far.

During the Cenozoic Era, the Atlantic Ocean widened to form the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Some countries, such as India, experienced major tectonic collisions that led to the formation of the Himalayas. Meanwhile, the African Plate moved towards Europe, forming the Swiss Alps. Finally, the Rocky Mountains formed in North America through similar processes.

The rocks present during this era developed on the continents and lowlands, acquiring a greater level of hardness. This is due to the high pressure caused by deep burial, chemical diagenesis, and high temperatures. Furthermore, sedimentary rocks predominated during this era. More than half of the world's oil is extracted from sedimentary rock deposits.

Characteristics of the Cenozoic era

Since this era entered with the extinction of the dinosaurs, there were many changes that occurred at the planetary level. The first was the evolution and expansion of mammals. By not having as a competition the dinosaurs, they could evolve and diversify. The genetic exchange helped increase the proliferation and adaptation of mammals to different environments.

In general, there was an expansion of fauna across the entire Earth . Tectonic plates are in constant motion, and it was during this era that the Atlantic Ocean expanded. The most significant events, which remain important today, were:

• The great mountain ranges of the whole world were formed.
• The first hominids appeared.
• The polar caps were developed.
• The human species made its appearance.

What periods does this era cover?

As described in geological time, each era is composed of several periods. The Cenozoic is divided into two periods called the Tertiary and Quaternary. These are further divided into different epochs.

Tertiary period

This is the first period in which the forms of life both on the surface and in the sea are similar to those of today. Since the dinosaurs had disappeared, mammals and birds ruled the planet. This is because they did not have any kind of competition. By this time, herbivores, ruminant animals, marsupials, insectivores and even whales existed.

As we have mentioned before, this period is in turn divided into different periods that are:

• Paleocene. It is characterized by the cooling of the planets with the consequent formation of the polar caps. The supercontinent Pangea ended up dividing and the continents took on the shape of today. Numerous species of birds emerged along with the development of angiosperms. Furthermore, Greenland moved away from North America.
• Eocene. During this period, the great mountain ranges mentioned above emerged. Mammals developed so much that they became the most important animals. The first horses appeared, and primates were born. Some mammals, such as whales, adapted to the marine environment.
• Oligocene. This is a time when tectonic plates continued to collide to form the Mediterranean Sea. Mountain ranges such as the Himalayas and the Alps were formed.
• Miocene. All the mountain ranges were completed and the Antarctic ice cap was formed. This caused the general climate on Earth to be colder. Many grasslands originated around the world and the fauna evolved.
• Pliocene. At this time, mammals reached their peak and spread. The climate was cold and dry and the first hominids appeared. Species like Australopithecines and the homo habilis and the Homo erectus, ancestors of Homo sapiens.

Quaternary period

This is the most modern period that we know of. It is divided into two epochs:

• Pleistocene. It is also known as the ice age since it extended over a quarter of the entire surface of the Earth. Places where ice had never existed before were covered. By the end of this period many mammals had become extinct.
• Holocene. It is the period in which the ice disappears giving rise to land surfaces and widening the continental shelf. The climate is warmer with an abundance of flora and fauna. Humans develop and begin hunting and farming.

Cenozoic climate

The Cenozoic Era was considered a period of global cooling. It lasted for a considerable amount of time. After Australia completely separated from Antarctica during the Oligocene Epoch, the climate cooled significantly due to the emergence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current , which caused a massive cooling of the Southern Ocean.

During the Miocene there was a warming due to the release of carbon dioxide. After the climate cooled, the first ice ages began.

With this information you will learn more about the history of our planet 